Sometimes we
charge into learning something new full of excitement. However, as the weeks go
by, our passions sometimes dissipate. What seemed exciting at first can grow
tedious — even frustrating. Why? Because we are not aware of the fundamental paradoxes of learning!
Surprisingly
often, the very things that we should be doing can also end up getting in our
way. Here is a roadmap to help you be aware of the paradoxical pitfalls of
learning, and how to avoid them.
• Persistence: We are often told that to be successful
learners, we have to be persistent. That is true in the long run — but not in
the short run! Here is what neuroscience is telling us: When you are learning
something new, the best way to approach it is to focus and do your best to understand
it. But if you are stuck, you need to stop
focusing. By temporarily taking your attention off the problem, you allow other
neural modes of thinking to attack the problem in the background. Later, when
you try again, new understanding can suddenly appear! Good learning often means
knowing how to balance your persistence — to stop when you get frustrated and
return later after your other thinking modes have had a chance to work on the
problem in the background.
• Success: We always want to be successful in our learning.
But this means that we sometimes shy away from making mistakes. However, if you
make a mistake when you’re studying — and just catch it with a tiny “ouch” — that is one of the very best ways to
learn! As you are learning, celebrate each mistake. The goal is to make those
mistakes before your high stakes tests. (And
also keep in mind that the ones who never make mistakes are the ones who never
do anything. Go for it!)
• Concrete Learning: We often want to learn something in concrete
terms. If you are learning math for a professional program, for example, you
often want to be able to apply your learning directly to the type of problem you
will be expected to solve on the job — calculating doses of medication, for
example. But instructors often want us to first step back and learn ideas more
abstractly — they want us to understand the fundamentals behind the concrete
problems. It turns out that the instructors have a point. Being able to solve
not only concrete problems, but also to understand the abstract ideas behind
those problems, helps us to transfer our thinking to new situations. Sometimes
the real world throws problems at us that we have never seen before, and it is
important to be flexibly ready! Take the time to understand the abstract
concepts that are being presented; ironically, this leads to solving problems
in more concrete situations.
• Memorization: We have often been told that memorization is bad
for us — that understanding alone is the essential key to learning. While it is
true that understanding is important, it turns out that memorization can also
be very helpful when you are learning something new. Experts in any domain
generally have great volumes of memorized information readily available. If you
try memorizing some of the key ideas you are learning about, you’ll find that
the memorization process can, perhaps surprisingly, lead to deeper
understanding.